中考英语易错题反义疑问句（中考英语常考点解析）

同义句转换是一个常考题型，它综合考查学生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识，要求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子，使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。

其实中考英语同义句转换题主要考查以下几个方面：

初中英语同义词/词组/句子转换

1

运用同义词(组)进行转换

用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换，注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如：

1. That day we could see flowers here and there.

That day we could see flowers __________.

答案：everywhere

解析：everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。

2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.The teacher always______ _____the children well in the school.

答案：looks after

解析：take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。

2

运用反义词(组)的否定式进行转换

即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思，主要考查学生对反义词(词组)的积累和换位思维的能力。如：

1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time. It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.

答案：same as

解析：be different from意为“与……不同”;the same as意为“与……相同”，其否定式与be different from同义。

2. I think wealth is less important than health. I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.

答案：为don’t，more

解析：less important的意思是“没有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，该结构与not连用，则表示“不比……更重要”。

另外，有的反义词即使不与否定词连用，而只需改变句子结构也可构成同义句。如：

He lent some money to his friend. He friend ___ some money ___ him.

答案为borrowed，from

解析：borrow…from…意为“向……借……”;lend…to…意为“把……借给……”。两个结构意思相反，但若变换“借出者”与“借入者”的位置，则可转换为同义句。

3

运用不同语态进行转换

即运用主动语态与被动语态的变化来转换同义词，但此时要特别注意时态、动词一致性。如：

1. Everyone should give back his library books on time. Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.

答案：be given back

解析：被动句中含有情态动词should，因此助动词用be。

2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today. It is widely accepted that computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.

答案为are，used

解析：computers是复数名词，助动词用are。

4

非延续性动词与延续性动词的相互转换

即非延续性动词与延续性动词进行转换，此时往往会涉及时态的变化。如：

1. The manager left two hours ago.

The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.

答案:has been away

解析：leave为非延续性动词，不能与for two hours这样的一段时间连用，而改成be away这样的延续性动词后，则可连用一段时间。

2. The film began five minutes ago. The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.

答案：on for

解析：has been提示时态是现在完成时态，“for 时间段”表示“持续(一段时间)”，常用在含有现在完成时态的句子里。

3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.

答案：has been in

解析：短暂动词join，意为“参加、加入(组织，政党)”，不能与延续时间状语连用，与延续性时间状语连用时，将join改成be in或be a member in…。

5

运用不同引语进行转换

即将直接引语变为间接引语或将间接引语转换成直接引语。此时还要注意相关时态、人称、动词、状语等相应的变化。如：

1.“I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.

He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.

答案：told，had found

解析：此题是将直接引语转换成间接引语。

2. “Did you see her last week?” he said. He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.

答案：asked if/ whether, before

解析：此题是将疑问句的直接引语转换成间接引语。

6

简单句与复合句之间的转换

即将简单句变成同义的复合句或将复合句变成同义的简单句。如：

1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining. We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.

答案：because of

解析：将原因状语从句because it was raining改为表示原因的介词短语because of the rain。

2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.

He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.

答案：too excited to

解析：将so…that…换成too…to…结构，原句的that从句为结果状语从句，改写句中的不定式仍表结果。

3. Now I will show you how to do the work. Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.

答案：how you can

解析：即将原句中的“疑问词 不定式”结构转换成宾语从句。

4. You should put them back after you use them. You should put them back _____ _____ them.

答案：after using

解析：即将after引导的状语从句改写为after引导的介词短语。

7

并列句与复合句之间的转换

即将并列句变成同义的复合句或将复合句变成同义的并列句。如：

1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus. ____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.

答案为If，don’t

解析：if引导条件状语从句。

2. The man gave us a talk last week. He will give us another talk this week. The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.

答案为who/ that，will give

解析：who/ that gave us a talk last week为定语从句，修饰先行词the man。

8

运用关联连词连接或合并句子

即运用关联连词both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等将两个简单句合并为一个简单句。此时要注意的是，both…and…连接两个主语时，谓语总是用复数，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…连接两个主语时，谓语动词通常应与靠近的主语保持一致。如：

1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.

答案：Neither，nor

解析：neither…nor…表示“……和……(两者)都不”，刚好与原句的两个否定结构的意思相吻合。

2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too. ______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.

答案：Both，and

解析：both…and…的意思是“……和……(两者)都”。

3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes. This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes. 答案：not only，but also

解析：not only…but also…表示“不仅……而且……”之意。

9

运用某些典型句式或结构进行转换

这类典型结构如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I 等。如：

1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.

答案：so do

解析：句意为“……他的父母也一样(一样想去)”。

2. John went to bed after he finished his homework. John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.答案：didn’t，until

解析：not…until意为“直到……才”。

10

PPT讲解

12

同义句按字母顺序整理学生背诵版

13

针对训练

1.People everywhere sat and laughed at them until the tears ran down their faces.

People ______ and _______sat and laughed at them until the tears ran down their faces.

2.Fred was visiting his mother on her 95th birthday.

Fred was visiting his mother _______ she was ______ years old.

3.She lives alone.

She lives ________ __________.

4. Due to the way they eat, they have a high rate of cancer and heart disease.

________ ________ the way they eat, they have a high rate of cancer and heart disease.

5. But it took her a long time to find out.

But she ______ a long time _______ out.

6.Ten years later, Tom became a strong boy and became a good swimmer, too.

Ten years later, Tom became _______a strong boy ________ a good swimmer.

7. Shy people are also good at working with others because they think more for other people.

She people also ________ ______ in working with others because they think more for other people.

8. Mark decided to go sailing in his boat with his friend Dan.

Mark _______ a ________ to go sailing in his boat with his friend Dan.

9. Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory.

Once a machine in a factory ________ __________.

10 When parents have poor eating habits, their children usually do, too.

When parents have poor eating habits, _______ ________ their children.

11. In the computer game houses, it takes people a lot of money competing with the machines.

People _____ ______ money in competing with the machines in the computer games houses.

12. When the local police began to look for the pigs, newspaper reporters from around the country joined them.

When the local police began to look for the pigs, newspaper reporters from ________ _______ the country joined them.

13. When he first reached the island, he didn’t know what he could find in this strange place.

When he first _________ _______ the island, he didn’t know what he could find in this strange place.

14. Some dentists say that chewing sugarless gum can help take care of people’s teeth.

Some dentists say that chewing sugarless gum can help ________ ________ people’s teeth.

15. He was different from other children.

He was _______ the ______ as other children.

16. Bob is twice as old as Jack, so he is now thirty.

Jack is _______ years ________ than Bob.

17. I teach something to air hostesses.

Air hostesses ________ something _______ me.

18. The world is full of variety.

The world is ________ _________ variety.

19. To his surprise, the taste was nice.

He was ______ ______ the taste was nice.

20. Once in the area, a car s almost a must.

You _______ ______ take a car in the area.

21. But when you are joined to the Internet, there are many things you can do.

But when you are joined to the Internet, there are _________ _______ things you can do.

22. Beijing will be rainy.

There will be _______ ________ Beijing.

23. Mrs Smith and her friends worked hard and the idea was interesting to more and more people over the country.

Mrs Smith and her friends worked hard and more and more people over the country became ___________ _______ the idea.

24. But now there is a Winter Swimming Club and it has over 2,000 members.

But now there is a Winter Swimming Club and it has _________ ________ 2,000 members.

25. Before crossing the road, stop and look both ways.

Before ______ _______ the road, stop and look both ways.

26. We call this mark “watermark”.

This mark ____ ____ “watermark”.

27. They hoped the government would act quickly to conserve nature.

They hoped the government would act quickly _______ _______ to conserve nature.

28. The Komodo lizard is the world’s largest lizard.

The Komodo lizard is larger than ______ _____ lizard in the world.

29. We haven’t done anything to improve the exam system.

We have _______ _______ to improve the exam system.

30. It is much harder to do it with TV or radio advertisements.

It is much ______ ________ to do it with TV or radio advertisements.

31. He was unable to walk any more.

He ______ _______ walked.

32. The bookshelf was too heavy for Miss Green to carry.

The bookshelf was _____ heavy ______ Miss Green didn’t carry it.

33. In order to solve this population problem, China has begun a “one-child’ policy.

China has begun a “one-child” policy ______ ________ it solved this population problem.

34. He scored more goals than anyone else on his team.

He scored _______ _______ goals on his team.

35.He spent very little time at school, perhaps no more than a year in all.

It _______ _______ very little time at school, perhaps no more than a year in all.

36. A school inspector was coming to visit a school.

A school inspector was _____ a visit _____ a school.

37. Why not look at the funny side and laugh instead?

_________ ________ you look at the funny side and laugh instead?

38. Good movies are the ones that you remember and like to see another time.

Good movies are the ones that you remember and like to see ________ than _______.

39. Many public people use web blogs to express their thoughts.

Many public people use web blogs ________ ________ their thoughts.

40. I think maybe it was left on the shelf in the bedroom.

I think it _______ _____ left on the shelf in the bedroom.

41. Both my father and my mother came from towns in Mexico.

Both of _____ _______ came from towns in Mexico.

42. When Bloom was 16, he moved to London.

At the _______ _____ 16, Bloom moved to London.

43. I was born in Amsterdam and lived there for many years.

I ________ ______ in Amsterdam.

44. Nobody had ever seen such a big orange.

Nobody had ever seen _____ big ________ orange.

45. Sometimes she only sleeps for no more than four hours.

________ ________ she only sleeps for no more than four hours.

46. She bought me many presents.

She bought many presents ______ ______.

47. The winter will be full of happiness by your own hands.

The winter will be ______ ________ happiness by your own hands.

48. They all agreed with me.

They all ______ yes ________ me.

49. Beautiful flowers need pollinating.

Beautiful flowers need _______ _______ pollinated.

50. The girl smiled sweetly, so he felt very happy.

The _____ smile of the girl ______ him very happy.

51. I don’t like growing flowers. Mary doesn’t like growing flowers, either.

_______ I ______ Mary likes growing flowers.

52. Giving makes people happy, not only those who receive, but also those who give.

Giving makes people happy, ________ those who receive _______ those who give.

53 Your promises are too big, and then they won’t be able to win people’s trust.

Your promises are ______ big ___ be able to win people’s trust.

54 What a serious thing a promise is!

_________ _______ a promise is!

55 They only want to win.

They want _______ _______ to win.

56 The better you get along with others, the easier it is for you to succeed.

Get along _______ with others and that helps you succeed ______.

57 It was stuck and he couldn’t talk or breathe.

It was stuck and he could _______ talk ______ breathe.

58 What do you think of the music?

_______ do you ________ the music?

59 I am 190cm and Jenny is 190cm, too.

Jenny is ______ tall _____ I.

60 How about playing basketball with us?

________ ________ playing basketball with us?

61 Mary and Tom donated money to the poor children.

62 The rain was heavy yesterday.

It ______ _______ yesterday.

63 I hope that I can visit the moon some day.

I hope ________ _______ the moon some day.

64 Jenny’s grandmother died two years ago.

Jenny’s grandmother ______ been ______ for two weeks.

65 He can finish the work easily.

66 He got up so late that he couldn’t catch the bus.

He got up ________ ________ ________ catch the bus.

67 Walking after meals is very helpful.

_______ is very helpful _______ walk after meals.

68 Actually, we have been friends for long.

________ _______, we have been friends for long.

69 My coat is similar to yours in many ways.

Our coats have a lot _______ ________.

70 Mother takes care of you as much as possible.

Mother _______ ________ you as much as possible.

71 However, experts say that the tea does not have relation to Tibet.

However, experts say that the tea has _______ to _______ with Tibet.

72 I’m supposed to do some homework this weekend.

I _______ ________ some homework this weekend.

73 She was glad she kept her promise.

She was glad _________ ________ her promise.

74 The princess told the frog to leave.

The frog ______ told ________ leave by the princess.

75 We had a great time going on a picnic.

We _______ ________ going on a picnic.

76 I shall do whatever you please.

I shall do ______ ________ what you please.

77 I’m from China.

My _________ is _________.

78 How long is the classroom?

_________ is the _______ of the classroom?

79 I am the owner of the dictionary.

The dictionary ________ _________ me.

80 I’m looking forward to seeing her again.

I _______ ________ see her again.

答案：1 here, there 2 when, 95 3 by herself 4 Because, of 5 spent, finding 6 both, and 7 do, well 8 made, decision 9 didn’t, work 10 so, do 11 spend, much 12 all, over 13 got, to 14 look, after 15 not, same 16 fifteen, younger 17 learns, from 18 filled, with 19 surprised, at 20 have, to 21 lots, of 22 much, rain 23 interested, in 24 More, than 25 going across 26 is called 27 in order 28 any other 29 done, nothing 30 more, difficult 31 no, more 32 so, that 33 so, that 34 the, most 35 took, him 36 on, to 37 Why, don’t 38 more, once 39 for, expressing 40 may, be 41 my, parents 42 age, of 43 grew, up 44 so, an 45 At, times 46 for, me 47 filled, with 48 said, to 49 to, be 50 sweet, made 51 Neither, nor 52 both, and 53 too, to 54 How, serious 55 nothing, but 56 well, easily 57 neither, nor 58 How, like 59 as, as 60 What, about 61 Not only, but also 62 rained, heavily 63 to, visit 64 has, dead 65 easy, to 66 too late to 67 It, to 68 In, fact 69 in, common 70 looks, after 71 nothing, do 72 should, do 73 to, keep 74 was, to 75 enjoyed, ourselves 76 no. matter 77 nationality, Chinese 78 What, length 79 belongs, to 80 expect, to

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中考化学最常考的知识点汇总（2022中考必背化学常考知识点汇总）

Hello，大家好，我是霸小二。

今天小二给大家整理了

中考化学常考的相关知识点

帮你查漏补缺、冲刺高分！

话不多说，直接上图！

文末可下载完整电子版资料哦！

Part.1 物质的学名、俗名及化学式

1、单质：金刚石、石墨、炭黑：C 汞、水银：Hg 硫、硫磺：S

2、氧化物：固体二氧化碳、干冰：CO2 氧化钙、生石灰：CaO 氧化铁、铁锈的主要成份：Fe2O3

3、酸：盐酸：HCl的水溶液 碳酸（汽水）：H2CO3

4、碱：氢氧化钠、苛性钠、火碱、烧碱：NaOH 氢氧化钙、熟石灰、消石灰：Ca(OH)2

氨水、一水合氨：NH3·H2O（为常见的碱，具有碱的通性，是一种不含金属离子的碱）

5、盐：碳酸钠、苏打、纯碱（不是碱，是盐）：Na2CO3， 碳酸钠晶体、纯碱晶体Na2CO3·10H2O

碳酸氢钠、小苏打：NaHCO3 大理石，石灰石的主要成份是CaCO3

食盐的主要成分是NaCl 亚硝酸钠、工业用盐：NaNO2 （有毒）

硫酸铜晶体、胆矾、蓝矾：CuSO4·5H2O 碳酸钾、草木灰的主要成份：K2CO3

碱式碳酸铜、铜绿、孔雀石：Cu2(OH)2CO3（分解生成三种氧化物的物质）

6、有机物：甲烷、CNG、沼气、天然气的主要成份：CH4 乙醇、酒精：C2H5OH 葡萄糖：C6H12O6

甲醇：CH3OH 有毒、致失明、死亡 乙酸、醋酸（16.6℃冰醋酸）CH3COOH （具有酸的通性）

Part.2 常见物质的颜色和状态

1、白色固体：MgO、P2O5、CaO、 NaOH、Ca(OH)2、KClO3、KCl、Na2CO3、NaCl、无水CuSO4、铁、镁为银白色（汞为银白色液态）

2、黑色固体：石墨、炭粉、铁粉、CuO、MnO2、Fe3O4▲KMnO4为紫黑色

3、红色固体：Cu、Fe2O3 、HgO、红磷 ▲ Fe(OH) 3为红褐色

4、蓝色固体：硫酸铜晶体（胆矾）、氢氧化铜▲硫：淡黄色 ▲ 碱式碳酸铜Cu2(OH)2CO3为绿色

5、溶液的颜色：凡含Cu2 的溶液呈蓝色；凡含Fe2 的溶液呈浅绿色；凡含Fe3 的溶液呈棕黄色，高锰酸钾溶液为紫红色；其余溶液一般无色。

6、沉淀( 即不溶于水的盐和碱 ）：①盐：白色↓：CaCO3、BaCO3（溶于酸）；AgCl、BaSO4(也不溶于稀HNO3) 等②碱：蓝色↓：Cu(OH)2 ；红褐色↓：Fe(OH)3；白色↓：其余碱。

7、具有刺激性气体的气体：NH3、SO2、HCl（皆为无色）无色无味的气体：O2、H2、N2、CO2、CH4、CO（剧毒）▲注意：具有刺激性气味的液体：盐酸、硝酸、醋酸。酒精为有特殊气体的液体。

Part.3 物质的某些性质和用途（用于判断物质）

1、单质：

①N2：空气中含量最多、焊接金属作保护气，填充灯泡和食品包装袋、液氮作医疗冷冻麻醉剂

②O2：供给呼吸（航天、登山、潜水、救病人，富氧炼钢）、食物腐败、金属生锈

③H2：最轻的气体、清洁能源、冶炼金属

④碳：金刚石：划玻璃；石墨：电极、润滑剂；活性炭（吸附性）：除异味、除色素、防毒面具

⑤P：红磷燃烧测定空气中氧气的体积分数、发令枪、烟幕弹 白磷燃烧探究质量守恒定律、探究燃烧条件

⑥S：制火药、火柴、鞭炮

⑦Mg：作照明弹

2、氧化物：

①H2O：生命必须物质、常温下呈液态的氧化物、最常用的溶剂，遇到硫酸铜变蓝

②CO：煤气的主要成份、作燃料、冶炼金属、有毒

③CO2：引起温室效应。气体：灭火、汽水、温室化肥干冰：人工降雨、致冷剂、舞台烟幕

④SO2：引起酸雨，硫磺燃烧或放鞭炮、点燃火柴时产生的气体

⑤NO2：引起酸雨和光化学烟雾、汽车排放的尾气中含有

⑥P2O5：白磷或红磷燃烧产生的大量白烟，能吸水，可作干燥剂

⑦CaO：食品干燥剂、建筑材料，和水反应放出大量热

3、酸：

①碳酸：制碳酸饮料（汽水、雪碧等） ②盐酸：金属除锈、除水垢、胃液中助消化、

③硫酸：金属除锈、蓄电池中的填充液

4、碱：

①氨水（NH3·H2O）：作氮肥 ④Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3：中和胃酸过多

②NaOH：吸水，固体可作干燥剂、溶于水放出大量热，用于制肥皂、石油炼制、造纸

③Ca(OH)2：建筑材料、改良酸性土壤、配制波尔多液、鸡蛋保鲜，澄清溶液用于检验CO2

5、盐：

① NaCl：调味、防腐剂、腌渍食品、生理盐水（0.9%）、维持人体酸碱性平衡、融雪剂

②CaCO3：建筑材料、工业生产石灰、补钙剂、实验室制CO2、除CaCl2中的盐酸

Na2CO3：洗涤剂、做馒头去酸性物质并使其松软、用于造纸和纺织业、泡沫灭火器的填充物

NaHCO3：发酵粉、治疗胃酸过多、干粉灭火器的填充物、

皮肤上沾了浓硫酸，用大量水冲洗后涂3%~5% NaHCO3的溶液

③CuSO4：用于湿法炼铜、农业杀菌剂、波尔多液、泳池消毒、检验水，溶于水显蓝色

明矾：净水剂，吸附水中不溶于水的悬浮物

④氮肥：NH4Cl、NH4NO3、NH4HCO3、(NH4)2SO4 ，使叶浓绿钾肥：KCl、K2SO4、K2CO3（草木灰）， 使茎粗壮磷肥：磷酸二氢钙、过磷酸钙、磷矿粉， 使根发达复合肥：KNO3、NH4H2PO4

6、有机物：

①CH4：沼气、天然气、可燃冰，气体化石燃料、大量燃烧会产生温室效应

②C2H5OH：酒精、有特殊香味、可再生能源、作饮料、医疗消毒杀菌、实验室用得最多的燃料

③CH3COOH：调味、厨房中可用其区别食盐和纯碱、除水垢、制无壳鸡蛋

④甲醛：水溶液浸制动、植物标本，浸泡水产品防腐，但有毒

⑤CO(NH2)2：作氮肥7、有毒的物质： 气体：CO、SO2、NO2、甲醛；液体：甲醇（CH3OH），致失明、死亡固体：NaNO2 、黄曲霉素、CuSO4(可作杀菌剂 ,与熟石灰混合配成粘稠状的波尔多液)

Part.4 物质的溶解性

1、盐的溶解性含有钾、钠、硝酸根、铵根的物质都溶于水含Cl—的化合物只有AgCl不溶于水，其他都溶于水；含SO42— 的化合物只有BaSO4 不溶于水，其他都溶于水含CO32— 的物质只有K2CO3、Na2CO3、（NH4)2CO3溶于水，其他都不溶于水

2、碱的溶解性 溶于水的碱有：氢氧化钡、氢氧化钾、氢氧化钙、氢氧化钠和氨水，其他碱不溶于水。难溶性碱中Fe(OH)3是红褐色沉淀，Cu(OH)2是蓝色沉淀，其他难溶性碱为白色。

3、大部分酸及酸性氧化物能溶于水，（酸性氧化物＋水→酸）

大部分碱性氧化物不溶于水，能溶的有：氧化钡、氧化钾、氧化钙、氧化钠 （碱性氧化物＋水→碱）

▲注意：沉淀物中AgCl和BaSO4 不溶于稀硝酸，其他沉淀物能溶于酸。如：CuO、Fe2O3、Mg(OH)2 、CaCO3、BaCO3、Ag2 CO3等

Part.5 化学之最

1、地壳中含量最多的非金属元素是氧、金属元素是铝。

2、人体中含量最多的元素是氧、金属元素是钙。

3、海水中含量最多的元素是氧、金属元素是钠。

4、空气中含量最多的物质是氮气。

5、组成化合物种类最多的元素是碳。

6、最简单的有机物是甲烷CH4。

7、相对分子质量最小的单质是氢气、氧化物是水。

8、相同条件下密度最小的气体是氢气。

9、导电性最强的金属是银、导热性最好的金属是银。

10、熔点最低的金属是汞、熔点最高的金属是钨。

11、硬度最大的金属是铬。

12、天然存在最硬的物质是金刚石。

13、人类最早使用的金属是铜

14、日常生活中应用最广泛的金属是铁。

15、最早利用天然气的是中国，最早运用湿法炼铜的是中国。

Part.6 化学教材中的科学家

1、提出原子、分子学说的是（英）道尔顿、阿佛加德罗

2、发现元素周期律的是门捷列夫（俄）

3、最早发现电子的汤姆生（英）

4、最早发现氧气的是舍勒（法）

5、最早得出空气是由N2和O2组成、测定空气中O2的体积分数、研究质量守恒定律的是拉瓦锡（法）

6、最早提示水的组成元素的是普利斯特里（英）、卡文迪许

7、测定相对原子质量作出贡献的中国科学家是张青莲

8、发明侯氏制碱（纯碱Na2CO3）法的是侯德榜（中）

Part.7 能量变化

1、溶于水放出大最热的物质：生石灰（CaO）、固体NaOH、浓硫酸

2、溶于水吸收大最热的物质：硝酸铵（NH4NO3）

3、放热反应：氧化反应、中和反应、金属与酸的反应、CaO与水反应

4、吸热反应：大多数分解反应、氧化物的还原反应（冶炼金属）、高温下C分别与CO2、水蒸气反应

Part.8 原子结构知识中的几种决定关系

1、质子数决定元素的种类

2、质子数、中子数决定原子的相对原子质量

3、原子最外层的电子数决定：元素的类别、化学性质、主要化合价、形成离子时所带电荷数

4、金属活动性决定金属与酸、金属与可溶盐能否反应

Part.9 化学实验中的“先”与“后”

1、使用托盘天平：先调零、再称量

2、加热：先擦干外壁、再加热；先预热、再集中加热

3、固体与液体混合：先加入固体，再加入液体

4、点燃可燃性气体：先检验纯度，再点燃

5、制取气体：先检查装置的气密性、再装药品

6、固固加热制O2排水法收集结束时：先将导管移出水面，再熄灭酒精灯

7、稀释浓硫酸：先往烧杯里加水，再沿烧杯壁慢慢注入浓硫酸，并不断搅拌，待冷却后再装瓶

8、固气反应炼铜、炼铁：实验开始时，先通气，再点酒精灯加热

实验结束时，先熄灭酒精灯直到试管冷却，再停止通气

9、检验混合气体：检验CO要先除CO2；检验H2要先除H2O；验水在前，除水在后H2、CO、CO2、H2O混合气检验：先验H2O→验CO2→除净CO2→除净H2O→通过灼热CuO→验H2O→验CO2→尾气处理

10、燃烧法测有机物组成：先算CO2中碳元素、H2O中氢元素的质量，再判断是否含氧元素

11、活泼金属与混合盐溶液反应：先置换更不活泼的金属（先远后近）

12、检验CO32—、SO42—：先加足量稀硝酸检验并除尽CO32—，再加Ba(NO3)2溶液检验SO42—

13、检验CO32—、Cl—：先加足量稀硝酸检验并除尽CO32—，再加AgNO3溶液检验Cl—

14、检验SO42—、Cl—：先加足量Ba(NO3)2溶液检验SO42—，过滤取滤液，再加AgNO3溶液和稀硝酸检验Cl—

15、检验CO32—、SO42—、Cl—：先加足量稀硝酸检验并除尽CO32—，再加足量Ba(NO3)2溶液检验并除尽SO42—，过滤取滤液，再加AgNO3溶液检验Cl—

16、检验OH—、CO32—：先加足量CaCl2溶液检验并除尽CO32—，过滤取滤液，再加酚酞试液液检验OH—

Part.10 关于洗气瓶

1、检验并吸收少量CO2：瓶内盛石灰水，气体从a进除去并吸收大量CO2：瓶内盛氢氧化钠溶液，气体从a进

2、除去HCl：瓶内盛氢氧化钠溶液或硝酸银溶液，气体从a进

检验HCl：瓶内盛硝酸银溶液，气体从a进

3、除去水蒸汽：瓶内盛浓硫酸，气体从a进

4、用排空气法收集气体：密度比空气大：气体从a进 密度比空气小：气体从b进

用排水法收集气体：瓶内盛满水，气体从b进，a处接导管通入量筒中

5、输氧：瓶内装水，氧瓶接a(观察气泡速度、控制输氧速度)

6、贮气瓶：瓶内盛满气体，要把气体导出，应从a进水 注：气体检验及除杂和干燥：先检验再除杂后干燥

Part.11 生活中的化学知识要点

一）关于物质燃烧

1、点燃两支高度不同的蜡烛，用一个烧杯罩住，高的蜡烛先熄灭，原因是生成的二氧化碳气体温度较高，上升，然后由上至下充满整个瓶内，因此当室内发生火灾时应用湿毛巾堵住口鼻弯腰逃离火灾区，在森林火灾逃生的办法是：用湿毛巾堵往口鼻逆风而逃。用湿毛巾堵往口鼻是为了防止吸入有毒气体。如遇到毒气（含氯气、盐酸，硫化氢、氨气）泄漏时，我们也要用湿毛巾堵往口鼻，然后逃往地势较高的地方。

2、煤气中毒是由一氧化碳引起的，防止煤气中毒的有效方法是注意通风。为防止煤气泄漏，我们常在煤气中加入具有特殊气味的硫醇（C2H5SH）以便于知道煤气发生泄漏。发现有煤气泄漏时要及时打开门窗，关闭煤气阀门（不能开灯，打电话，用电风扇等，因这些行为会产生火花从而发生煤气爆炸），发现有人煤气中毒后要注意把病人移到通风处，进行人工呼吸，必要时送医院救治。

3、 蜡烛一吹即灭是因为冷空气使蜡烛温度下降至其着火点以下，用扇扇炉火越来越旺是因为提供了足够的氧气，增加煤与氧气接触的面积。使燃料充分燃烧的措施：①提供充足的氧气，②增大可燃物与氧气的接触面（如将煤做成蜂窝煤或加工成煤粉）。

4、西气东输的气体是天然气，主要成分是甲烷，煤矿“瓦斯”爆炸的主要气体也是甲烷，其原因是矿井中通风不良，使甲烷与空气混合而达到爆炸极限经点燃发生爆炸，所以为防止煤矿爆炸要常常保持通风，严禁烟火。

5、灯泡内往往会有少量的红磷，主要是脱去灯内的氧气

6、为了保证安全问题，在庆典活动中可以用氦气充灌气球，不能用氢气。

二）关于食品

1、把新鲜鸡蛋放在石灰水中可以保鲜，是因为鸡蛋呼出的二氧化碳与石灰水反应生成了碳酸钙堵往了鸡蛋表面的微孔，防止氧化而变质。

2、为了防止食品受潮和变质或变形，常在食品袋内充的气体的二氧化碳或氮气；或在袋内放干燥剂：生石灰、氯化钙主要是吸水，铁主在是吸收氧气和水；或采取真空包装。

3、鱼鳔内的气体主要有二氧化碳和氧气

4、做镘头时加些纯碱主要为了中和面粉发酵时产生的酸，生成的二氧化碳能使面包疏松多孔。

5、蔬菜中残留的农药可以用碱性物质泡，可降低农药的药性

6、皮蛋的涩味可以加点食醋去除

7、冰箱的异味可用活性炭除去，利用了活性

Part.12 高考频考化学方程式

实验室制氢气：

Zn H2SO4=ZnSO4 H2↑

实验室制二氧化碳：

CaCO3 2HCl=CaCl2 H2O CO2↑

实验室制氧气：

2KMnO4 =KMnO4 MnO2 O2↑

工业制烧碱：

Ca(OH)2 Na2CO3=CaCO3↓ 2NaOH

检验二氧化碳：

Ca(OH)2 CO2=CaCO3↓ H2O

除去二氧化碳：

2NaOH CO2=Na2CO3 H2O

稀硫酸除铁锈：

Fe2O3 3H2SO4=Fe2(SO4)3 3H2O

氢氧化铝治疗胃酸过多：

3HCl Al(OH)3=AlCl3 3H2O

小苏打治疗胃酸过多：

HCl NaHCO3=NaCl H2O CO2↑

盐酸和硝酸银溶液：

HCl AgNO2=AgCl↓ HNO3

硫酸和氯化钡溶液：

H2SO4 BaCl2=BaSO4↓ 2HCl

硫酸钠和氯化钡：

Na2SO4 BaCl2=BaSO4↓ 2NaCl

氢氧化钠与硫酸铜：

2NaOH CuSO4=Cu(OH)2↓ Na2SO4

氢氧化钠与氯化铁：

3NaOH FeCl3=Fe(OH)3↓ 3NaCl

氧化铜和稀硫酸：

CuO H2SO4=CuSO4 H2O

铁和硫酸铜溶液：

Fe CuSO4=FeSO4 Cu

Part.13 制取气体常用发生装置和收集装置

Part.14 资料下载方式

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,

英语阅读常考词汇（英语阅读词汇分享）

英语阅读常考词汇?monsoon/mɑːnˈsuːn/n. 季风，雨季文化补充：monsoon 由阿拉伯语中表示“季节”的 mawsim 一词变形而来scorching/ˈskɔːr.tʃɪŋ/adj. 灼热的，极热的相关词汇：scorch（v. 烧焦，烤焦）近义词：burning（adj. 炽热的）；blazing（adj. 炽热的）drenching/drentʃɪŋ/n. 湿透相关词汇：drench（v. 使湿透）搭配短语：to get drenched by the heavy rain搭配短语：to get a drenching词性拓展：drenching（adj. 滂沱的）搭配短语：drenching rain（瓢泼大雨）downpour/ˈdaʊn.pɔːr/n. 暴雨，骤雨relief/rɪˈliːf/n. 缓解，宽慰，解脱；救济相关词汇：relieve（v. 缓解）例句：The pill can relieve the pain.搭配短语：tablets for the relief of pain（缓解）例句：I breathed a sigh of relief.（宽慰）例句：“First batch of flood relief aid from China arrives in Pakistan”（中国首批抗洪救灾物资抵达巴基斯坦）meteorological/ˌmiː.t̬i.ɚ.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/adj. 气象的acute/əˈkjuːt/adj. 十分严重的；急性的，剧烈的；敏锐的搭配短语：acute abdominal pains（剧烈的）例句：India's school system faces an acute shortage of teachers.（十分严重的）erratic/ɪˈræt̬.ɪk/adj. 不规律的，不确定的，变化无常的搭配短语：a very erratic playerput together合起来，总计例句：London has more pubs than the rest of the country put together.critically/ˈkrɪt̬.ɪ.kli/adv. 极其地，严重地；危急地英文释义：in a way that is very bad or serious相关词汇：critical（adj. 危急的）例句：The patient is in critical condition.例句：They were both critically injured in the accident.（严重地）例句：Europe has long been critically dependent on gas supplies from Russia.availability/əˌveɪ.ləˈbɪl.ə.t̬i/n. 可用性，可得性相关词汇：available（adj. 可获得的）例句：The widespread availability of guns has contributed to the escalating violence.earmark/ˈɪr.mɑːrk/v. 划拨（款项）；指定……做特定用途例句：Five billion dollars of this year's budget is already earmarked for hospital improvements.harvest/ˈhɑːr.vəst/v. 收集；收获搭配短语：to harvest user data例句：Cyber criminals are targeting sites like Netflix and Zoom to harvest users' personal information.replenish/rɪˈplen.ɪʃ/v. 补充；重新装满例句：Does your glass need replenishing?例句：To stop the quick demographic decline, and replenish the workforce, governments are rolling out new policies to encourage families to have more children.prove/pruːv/v. 证明是；证明搭配短语：to prove a point（证明）例句：It proves very difficult.（证明是，相当于 be）sweeping/ˈswiː.pɪŋ/adj. 大范围的，全面的相关词汇：sweep（v. 横扫，席卷；扫地）例句：The tornado swept across the city.搭配短语： sweeping reformsscheme/skiːm/n. 方案，计划搭配短语：a pension scheme搭配短语：a recycling schemehamper/ˈhæm.pɚ/v. 阻碍，妨碍例句：She tried to run to the metro station, but was hampered by her heavy suitcase.例句："China quake toll tops 80 as rain, flash floods hamper rescue efforts"（中国地震死伤人数逾 80 人，降雨和山洪阻碍救援工作）graft/ɡræft/n. 贪污，受贿，以权谋私bicker/ˈbɪk.ɚ/v. 争吵搭配短语：to bicker over sth.（为某事而争吵）例句：They kept bickering over who should wash the dishes.，接下来我们就来聊聊关于英语阅读常考词汇?以下内容大家不妨参考一二希望能帮到您!

英语阅读常考词汇

monsoon/mɑːnˈsuːn/n. 季风，雨季文化补充：monsoon 由阿拉伯语中表示“季节”的 mawsim 一词变形而来。scorching/ˈskɔːr.tʃɪŋ/adj. 灼热的，极热的相关词汇：scorch（v. 烧焦，烤焦）近义词：burning（adj. 炽热的）；blazing（adj. 炽热的）drenching/drentʃɪŋ/n. 湿透相关词汇：drench（v. 使湿透）搭配短语：to get drenched by the heavy rain搭配短语：to get a drenching词性拓展：drenching（adj. 滂沱的）搭配短语：drenching rain（瓢泼大雨）downpour/ˈdaʊn.pɔːr/n. 暴雨，骤雨relief/rɪˈliːf/n. 缓解，宽慰，解脱；救济相关词汇：relieve（v. 缓解）例句：The pill can relieve the pain.搭配短语：tablets for the relief of pain（缓解）例句：I breathed a sigh of relief.（宽慰）例句：“First batch of flood relief aid from China arrives in Pakistan”（中国首批抗洪救灾物资抵达巴基斯坦）meteorological/ˌmiː.t̬i.ɚ.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/adj. 气象的acute/əˈkjuːt/adj. 十分严重的；急性的，剧烈的；敏锐的搭配短语：acute abdominal pains（剧烈的）例句：India's school system faces an acute shortage of teachers.（十分严重的）erratic/ɪˈræt̬.ɪk/adj. 不规律的，不确定的，变化无常的搭配短语：a very erratic playerput together合起来，总计例句：London has more pubs than the rest of the country put together.critically/ˈkrɪt̬.ɪ.kli/adv. 极其地，严重地；危急地英文释义：in a way that is very bad or serious相关词汇：critical（adj. 危急的）例句：The patient is in critical condition.例句：They were both critically injured in the accident.（严重地）例句：Europe has long been critically dependent on gas supplies from Russia.availability/əˌveɪ.ləˈbɪl.ə.t̬i/n. 可用性，可得性相关词汇：available（adj. 可获得的）例句：The widespread availability of guns has contributed to the escalating violence.earmark/ˈɪr.mɑːrk/v. 划拨（款项）；指定……做特定用途例句：Five billion dollars of this year's budget is already earmarked for hospital improvements.harvest/ˈhɑːr.vəst/v. 收集；收获搭配短语：to harvest user data例句：Cyber criminals are targeting sites like Netflix and Zoom to harvest users' personal information.replenish/rɪˈplen.ɪʃ/v. 补充；重新装满例句：Does your glass need replenishing?例句：To stop the quick demographic decline, and replenish the workforce, governments are rolling out new policies to encourage families to have more children.prove/pruːv/v. 证明是；证明搭配短语：to prove a point（证明）例句：It proves very difficult.（证明是，相当于 be）sweeping/ˈswiː.pɪŋ/adj. 大范围的，全面的相关词汇：sweep（v. 横扫，席卷；扫地）例句：The tornado swept across the city.搭配短语： sweeping reformsscheme/skiːm/n. 方案，计划搭配短语：a pension scheme搭配短语：a recycling schemehamper/ˈhæm.pɚ/v. 阻碍，妨碍例句：She tried to run to the metro station, but was hampered by her heavy suitcase.例句："China quake toll tops 80 as rain, flash floods hamper rescue efforts"（中国地震死伤人数逾 80 人，降雨和山洪阻碍救援工作）graft/ɡræft/n. 贪污，受贿，以权谋私bicker/ˈbɪk.ɚ/v. 争吵搭配短语：to bicker over sth.（为某事而争吵）例句：They kept bickering over who should wash the dishes.

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讽刺英语句（英语中还有这些讽刺语）

讽刺英语句?(一) “学术呆子” (Academic Nerds)她们常戏称呼某些严谨的学术精英分子为”学术呆子”.，下面我们就来聊聊关于讽刺英语句?接下来我们就一起去了解一下吧!

讽刺英语句

(一) “学术呆子” (Academic Nerds)

她们常戏称呼某些严谨的学术精英分子为”学术呆子”.

我们有时也接触到一些教授专家之类的人们,他们学术出色,但在其他其他方面就相当”麻麻地”(广东话一般之意), 如办公室零乱不堪,头发散乱,衣着不修边幅…. 对于这样的人类,美眉们称他们为”学术呆子”,够损人的!!!

更可恶的是，她们嚷着要看我过去在国内大学时代的照片，于是给洋美媚密雪儿看，不看还好，一看，小密就一惊一咋地呼唤其他几位美媚来，说“你们怎么看起来都这么Nerd……,还狂笑不止”。把我给气昏。我也不跟她们理论，谁叫咱们是“孔子后代”呐! 她们说我们Nerd，却不知咱们当时可都是“天之骄子”。

(二) “紧关的屁股”(Tight-arse)小气鬼

也许有人已经猜到这是什么意思了吧！ 如果有人被说“他是一个 tight-arse”，就是说这个人是一个“抠门鬼，小气鬼”。这个说法够形象吧！一个男人若是被唤着tight-arse,其形象可想而知！

洋美媚们常把那些讨价还价的人叫 tight-arse.

(三) “脖子上/屁股上的疼”(A pain in the neck / arse)

我们经常说某人是 a pain in the neck 或 a pain in the arse. 意思是说此人很难缠，很麻烦，很不受欢迎。

说也是，要是脖子上某处疼，那可是烦人的事情。谁没有经历过！

(四) “傻瓜”的众多说法<英语培训http://www.51talk.com>;

傻瓜的说法有“nuts”，“nutcase”， “insane”。这些都是指“傻瓜”，“疯子”之意。

要是有人对你说：“you are nuts”,别高兴以为别人说你是“果仁甜心”，是损你“傻子”啊！

(五)“淘宝者”(Dumpster Diver)

Dumpster Diver原意是“废弃物里的潜水员—淘宝者”，但却被洋美媚们用来形容那些贪小便宜，经常在办公室拣被办公室淘汰的东西，甚至会议后剩下食物的人。

某部门就有这么一个人士，专门在办公室拣“垃圾”，包括开会，派对后剩下食物，甚至是那些在冰箱里久存，已经无人认领的食物及饮料。

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